Trim observations with extreme propensity scores by replacing them with NA,
effectively removing those units from downstream analyses. The returned object
has the same length (or dimensions) as the input, with trimmed entries set to
NA. After trimming, refit the propensity score model on the retained
observations with ps_refit().
Usage
ps_trim(
ps,
method = c("ps", "adaptive", "pctl", "pref", "cr", "optimal"),
lower = NULL,
upper = NULL,
.exposure = NULL,
.focal_level = NULL,
.reference_level = NULL,
...,
.treated = NULL,
.untreated = NULL
)Arguments
- ps
A numeric vector of propensity scores in (0, 1) for binary exposures, or a matrix / data frame where each column gives the propensity score for one level of a categorical exposure.
- method
Trimming method. One of:
"ps"(default): Fixed threshold. Observations with propensity scores outside[lower, upper]are trimmed. For categorical exposures, observations where any column falls belowlower(the symmetric threshold delta) are trimmed."adaptive": Data-driven threshold that minimizes the asymptotic variance of the IPW estimator (Crump et al., 2009). Thelowerandupperarguments are ignored."pctl": Quantile-based. Observations outside the[lower, upper]quantiles of the propensity score distribution are trimmed. Defaults:lower = 0.05,upper = 0.95."pref": Preference score trimming. Transforms propensity scores to the preference scale (Walker et al., 2013) and trims outside[lower, upper]. Requires.exposure. Binary exposures only. Defaults:lower = 0.3,upper = 0.7."cr": Common range (clinical equipoise). Trims to the overlap region of the propensity score distributions across exposure groups. Requires.exposure. Binary exposures only. Thelowerandupperarguments are ignored."optimal": Multi-category optimal trimming (Yang et al., 2016). Categorical exposures only. Requires.exposure.
For categorical exposures, only
"ps"and"optimal"are supported.- lower, upper
Numeric thresholds whose interpretation depends on
method:"ps": absolute propensity score bounds (defaults: 0.1, 0.9). For categorical exposures, onlyloweris used as the symmetric threshold."pctl": quantile probabilities (defaults: 0.05, 0.95)."pref": preference score bounds (defaults: 0.3, 0.7)."adaptive","cr","optimal": ignored (thresholds are data-driven).
- .exposure
An exposure variable. Required for
"pref","cr"(binary vector), and"optimal"(factor or character). Not required for other methods.- .focal_level
The value of
.exposurerepresenting the focal (treated) group. For binary exposures, defaults to the higher value. Required forwt_att()andwt_atu()with categorical exposures.- .reference_level
The value of
.exposurerepresenting the reference (control) group. Automatically detected if not supplied.- ...
Additional arguments passed to methods.
- .treated
![[Deprecated]](figures/lifecycle-deprecated.svg)
Use .focal_levelinstead.- .untreated
- Use
.reference_levelinstead.
Value
A ps_trim object (a numeric vector with class "ps_trim", or a
matrix with class "ps_trim_matrix"). Trimmed observations are NA.
Metadata is stored in the "ps_trim_meta" attribute and can be accessed
with ps_trim_meta(). Key fields include:
method: the trimming method usedkeep_idx: integer indices of retained observationstrimmed_idx: integer indices of trimmed (NA) observationsMethod-specific fields such as
cutoff(adaptive),q_lower/q_upper(pctl),cr_lower/cr_upper(cr),delta(categorical ps), orlambda(optimal)
Details
How trimming works
Trimming identifies observations with extreme (near 0 or 1) propensity
scores and sets them to NA. These observations are excluded from
subsequent weight calculations and effect estimation. The goal is to
remove units that lack sufficient overlap between exposure groups, which
would otherwise receive extreme weights and destabilize estimates.
Choosing a method
Use
"ps"when you have a specific threshold in mind or want a simple default.Use
"adaptive"for a principled, data-driven cutoff that targets variance reduction.Use
"pctl"to trim a fixed percentage of extreme values from each tail.Use
"pref"when you want to restrict to the region of clinical equipoise based on the preference score.Use
"cr"to restrict to the common support region where both exposure groups have observed propensity scores.Use
"optimal"for multi-category (3+) exposures; this is the only data-driven method available for categorical treatments.
Typical workflow
Fit a propensity score model
Apply
ps_trim()to flag extreme valuesCall
ps_refit()to re-estimate propensity scores on the retained sampleCompute weights with
wt_ate()or another weight function
Object behavior
Arithmetic operations on ps_trim objects return plain numeric vectors,
since transformed propensity scores (e.g., 1/ps) are no longer propensity
scores. Trimmed values propagate as NA in calculations; use na.rm = TRUE
where appropriate.
When combining ps_trim objects with c(), trimming parameters must match.
Mismatched parameters trigger a warning and return a numeric vector.
Use ps_trim_meta() to inspect the trimming metadata, including the method,
cutoffs, and which observations were retained or trimmed.
References
Crump, R. K., Hotz, V. J., Imbens, G. W., & Mitnik, O. A. (2009). Dealing with limited overlap in estimation of average treatment effects. Biometrika, 96(1), 187–199.
Walker, A. M., Patrick, A. R., Lauer, M. S., et al. (2013). A tool for assessing the feasibility of comparative effectiveness research. Comparative Effectiveness Research, 3, 11–20.
Yang, S., Imbens, G. W., Cui, Z., Faries, D. E., & Kadziola, Z. (2016). Propensity score matching and subclassification in observational studies with multi-level treatments. Biometrics, 72(4), 1055–1065.
See also
ps_trunc() for bounding (winsorizing) instead of discarding,
ps_refit() to re-estimate propensity scores after trimming,
ps_calibrate() for calibration-based adjustment,
ps_trim_meta() to inspect trimming metadata,
is_ps_trimmed() and is_unit_trimmed() for logical queries.
Examples
set.seed(2)
n <- 300
x <- rnorm(n)
z <- rbinom(n, 1, plogis(1.3 * x))
fit <- glm(z ~ x, family = binomial)
ps <- predict(fit, type = "response")
# Fixed threshold trimming (default)
trimmed <- ps_trim(ps, method = "ps", lower = 0.1, upper = 0.9)
trimmed
#> <ps_trim; trimmed 44 of [300]>
#> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
#> 0.1780112 0.4934483 0.8725819 0.1353577 0.4025855 0.4752489 0.6683913 0.3506150
#> 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
#> NA 0.3831809 0.5738044 0.7467782 0.3038553 0.1508037 0.8997256 NA
#> 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
#> 0.7187207 0.4419184 0.7548592 0.5787647 NA 0.1244366 0.8728587 NA
#> 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
#> 0.4313639 NA 0.5939254 0.2474276 0.6938170 0.5298266 0.6778670 0.5399668
#> 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
#> 0.7707828 0.3366773 0.2037945 0.2476600 NA 0.1768609 0.2572600 0.3484614
#> 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
#> 0.3065403 NA 0.1895191 NA 0.6415565 NA 0.3300895 0.3990495
#> 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
#> 0.3683877 0.1246121 0.1902500 NA 0.2564150 0.8160957 0.1494022 NA
#> 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
#> 0.3247367 0.7345271 0.7859021 0.8849770 NA NA 0.2208817 0.4841803
#> 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
#> 0.6036086 0.1941979 NA 0.2790100 0.4585602 0.1783019 0.1731103 0.5439312
#> 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
#> 0.3822372 0.5796397 0.4114856 0.1759469 0.8218240 0.6877562 0.7649259 NA
#> 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
#> 0.7505008 NA 0.2641422 0.1005949 NA NA 0.2330120 0.3365148
#> 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
#> 0.3055473 0.5632496 0.8745082 0.8863194 0.1269292 0.1023453 NA 0.1166039
#> 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104
#> NA 0.4322875 0.1893249 0.2462384 0.7703638 0.5197606 0.3273939 0.2099624
#> 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
#> 0.1851823 NA 0.7356255 NA 0.2954896 0.3163021 0.1530042 0.3471981
#> 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
#> 0.5921212 0.8328274 0.6227067 0.5867797 0.8065734 0.7877456 0.4663064 0.2023006
#> 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128
#> 0.8087856 0.4774812 0.8903829 0.2928150 0.1499937 0.6139848 0.2290136 0.6467536
#> 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136
#> NA NA 0.6627758 0.5441083 0.7165979 NA 0.8025574 0.7998822
#> 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144
#> 0.7597742 0.6921037 NA NA 0.2509264 0.5711077 0.1970442 0.4590332
#> 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152
#> 0.6800801 0.2329425 0.6525433 0.6180388 0.1970997 0.1584870 0.7452343 0.3731672
#> 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160
#> 0.6727629 0.1889404 0.8164247 0.1043218 0.6858279 0.5895482 0.5223260 0.6558189
#> 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168
#> 0.5672709 0.2368400 0.3418011 0.5540597 0.1083159 0.1806594 NA NA
#> 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176
#> 0.1187105 0.7490531 0.7738375 0.7077039 0.4491471 0.5416643 0.1764396 0.2333126
#> 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184
#> 0.3434474 0.1704628 0.7023006 NA 0.1524604 0.1153463 0.5651259 0.1351849
#> 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192
#> 0.6161453 0.7945146 0.4382952 0.6065642 0.2328341 0.6027459 0.1139088 0.4037497
#> 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200
#> 0.1040353 0.3422376 0.7735701 0.6661116 0.2893391 0.2011360 0.1863223 0.2107038
#> 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208
#> 0.5327159 0.1544197 NA 0.5052145 0.1642856 0.5622725 0.3887452 0.3163883
#> 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216
#> 0.6341619 0.5095796 0.7582940 0.2665601 NA NA 0.4774214 0.5852567
#> 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224
#> 0.8030404 0.1067663 0.1338595 0.8855459 0.5671613 0.6707177 0.2000938 NA
#> 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232
#> 0.4538222 0.5912550 0.3993802 0.7230688 0.3094663 NA 0.8702859 NA
#> 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240
#> 0.2415827 0.4195113 NA 0.1483657 0.2541910 0.5957602 0.4626159 0.2496911
#> 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248
#> 0.4020747 NA 0.7936546 0.6179515 0.6899355 0.2556513 0.4650462 0.5270157
#> 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256
#> 0.2803714 0.2850014 0.6020472 0.3002118 0.3705819 0.3257820 0.7087374 0.5960756
#> 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264
#> 0.3306472 0.3363861 0.7464321 0.3725508 0.8297224 0.3965473 0.3250342 NA
#> 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272
#> 0.2345937 NA NA 0.5886632 0.6106387 0.4172303 NA 0.4137080
#> 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280
#> 0.4312953 0.1206438 0.5164038 0.8752400 0.4176263 0.7591012 0.3016993 0.4527210
#> 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288
#> NA 0.6501483 0.8168531 0.2393292 0.8311549 0.8851143 0.7936328 0.4317872
#> 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296
#> 0.8222307 0.3983355 0.1356224 0.6302455 0.4602807 0.3527491 0.8562989 0.3153233
#> 297 298 299 300
#> 0.5741435 NA 0.1008201 0.2253829
# How many observations were trimmed?
sum(is_unit_trimmed(trimmed))
#> [1] 44
# Data-driven adaptive trimming
ps_trim(ps, method = "adaptive")
#> <ps_trim; trimmed 44 of [300]>
#> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
#> 0.1780112 0.4934483 0.8725819 0.1353577 0.4025855 0.4752489 0.6683913 0.3506150
#> 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
#> NA 0.3831809 0.5738044 0.7467782 0.3038553 0.1508037 0.8997256 NA
#> 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
#> 0.7187207 0.4419184 0.7548592 0.5787647 NA 0.1244366 0.8728587 NA
#> 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
#> 0.4313639 NA 0.5939254 0.2474276 0.6938170 0.5298266 0.6778670 0.5399668
#> 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
#> 0.7707828 0.3366773 0.2037945 0.2476600 NA 0.1768609 0.2572600 0.3484614
#> 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
#> 0.3065403 NA 0.1895191 NA 0.6415565 NA 0.3300895 0.3990495
#> 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
#> 0.3683877 0.1246121 0.1902500 NA 0.2564150 0.8160957 0.1494022 NA
#> 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
#> 0.3247367 0.7345271 0.7859021 0.8849770 NA NA 0.2208817 0.4841803
#> 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
#> 0.6036086 0.1941979 NA 0.2790100 0.4585602 0.1783019 0.1731103 0.5439312
#> 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
#> 0.3822372 0.5796397 0.4114856 0.1759469 0.8218240 0.6877562 0.7649259 NA
#> 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
#> 0.7505008 NA 0.2641422 0.1005949 NA NA 0.2330120 0.3365148
#> 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
#> 0.3055473 0.5632496 0.8745082 0.8863194 0.1269292 0.1023453 NA 0.1166039
#> 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104
#> NA 0.4322875 0.1893249 0.2462384 0.7703638 0.5197606 0.3273939 0.2099624
#> 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
#> 0.1851823 NA 0.7356255 NA 0.2954896 0.3163021 0.1530042 0.3471981
#> 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
#> 0.5921212 0.8328274 0.6227067 0.5867797 0.8065734 0.7877456 0.4663064 0.2023006
#> 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128
#> 0.8087856 0.4774812 0.8903829 0.2928150 0.1499937 0.6139848 0.2290136 0.6467536
#> 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136
#> NA NA 0.6627758 0.5441083 0.7165979 NA 0.8025574 0.7998822
#> 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144
#> 0.7597742 0.6921037 NA NA 0.2509264 0.5711077 0.1970442 0.4590332
#> 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152
#> 0.6800801 0.2329425 0.6525433 0.6180388 0.1970997 0.1584870 0.7452343 0.3731672
#> 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160
#> 0.6727629 0.1889404 0.8164247 0.1043218 0.6858279 0.5895482 0.5223260 0.6558189
#> 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168
#> 0.5672709 0.2368400 0.3418011 0.5540597 0.1083159 0.1806594 NA NA
#> 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176
#> 0.1187105 0.7490531 0.7738375 0.7077039 0.4491471 0.5416643 0.1764396 0.2333126
#> 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184
#> 0.3434474 0.1704628 0.7023006 NA 0.1524604 0.1153463 0.5651259 0.1351849
#> 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192
#> 0.6161453 0.7945146 0.4382952 0.6065642 0.2328341 0.6027459 0.1139088 0.4037497
#> 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200
#> 0.1040353 0.3422376 0.7735701 0.6661116 0.2893391 0.2011360 0.1863223 0.2107038
#> 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208
#> 0.5327159 0.1544197 NA 0.5052145 0.1642856 0.5622725 0.3887452 0.3163883
#> 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216
#> 0.6341619 0.5095796 0.7582940 0.2665601 NA NA 0.4774214 0.5852567
#> 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224
#> 0.8030404 0.1067663 0.1338595 0.8855459 0.5671613 0.6707177 0.2000938 NA
#> 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232
#> 0.4538222 0.5912550 0.3993802 0.7230688 0.3094663 NA 0.8702859 NA
#> 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240
#> 0.2415827 0.4195113 NA 0.1483657 0.2541910 0.5957602 0.4626159 0.2496911
#> 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248
#> 0.4020747 NA 0.7936546 0.6179515 0.6899355 0.2556513 0.4650462 0.5270157
#> 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256
#> 0.2803714 0.2850014 0.6020472 0.3002118 0.3705819 0.3257820 0.7087374 0.5960756
#> 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264
#> 0.3306472 0.3363861 0.7464321 0.3725508 0.8297224 0.3965473 0.3250342 NA
#> 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272
#> 0.2345937 NA NA 0.5886632 0.6106387 0.4172303 NA 0.4137080
#> 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280
#> 0.4312953 0.1206438 0.5164038 0.8752400 0.4176263 0.7591012 0.3016993 0.4527210
#> 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288
#> NA 0.6501483 0.8168531 0.2393292 0.8311549 0.8851143 0.7936328 0.4317872
#> 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296
#> 0.8222307 0.3983355 0.1356224 0.6302455 0.4602807 0.3527491 0.8562989 0.3153233
#> 297 298 299 300
#> 0.5741435 NA 0.1008201 0.2253829
# Quantile-based trimming at 5th and 95th percentiles
ps_trim(ps, method = "pctl")
#> <ps_trim; trimmed 30 of [300]>
#> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
#> 0.17801124 0.49344831 0.87258189 0.13535765 0.40258554 0.47524889 0.66839132
#> 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
#> 0.35061504 NA 0.38318089 0.57380442 0.74677823 0.30385529 0.15080370
#> 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
#> 0.89972561 NA 0.71872070 0.44191837 0.75485924 0.57876473 NA
#> 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
#> 0.12443658 0.87285871 NA 0.43136394 NA 0.59392536 0.24742762
#> 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
#> 0.69381700 0.52982663 0.67786695 0.53996676 0.77078278 0.33667732 0.20379449
#> 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
#> 0.24766004 NA 0.17686094 0.25726004 0.34846140 0.30654026 NA
#> 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
#> 0.18951912 0.91394741 0.64155648 NA 0.33008953 0.39904946 0.36838768
#> 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
#> 0.12461207 0.19024995 NA 0.25641497 0.81609573 0.14940217 NA
#> 57 58 59 60 61 62 63
#> 0.32473671 0.73452714 0.78590206 0.88497697 NA NA 0.22088166
#> 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
#> 0.48418025 0.60360857 0.19419787 NA 0.27900998 0.45856017 0.17830185
#> 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
#> 0.17311028 0.54393115 0.38223719 0.57963968 0.41148556 0.17594694 0.82182398
#> 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
#> 0.68775620 0.76492590 0.09594356 0.75050082 0.06658957 0.26414219 0.10059488
#> 85 86 87 88 89 90 91
#> NA 0.90461881 0.23301201 0.33651483 0.30554734 0.56324964 0.87450818
#> 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
#> 0.88631941 0.12692921 0.10234530 0.08426251 0.11660386 NA 0.43228752
#> 99 100 101 102 103 104 105
#> 0.18932487 0.24623842 0.77036380 0.51976065 0.32739386 0.20996243 0.18518227
#> 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
#> NA 0.73562548 NA 0.29548965 0.31630208 0.15300421 0.34719807
#> 113 114 115 116 117 118 119
#> 0.59212123 0.83282741 0.62270671 0.58677974 0.80657336 0.78774559 0.46630644
#> 120 121 122 123 124 125 126
#> 0.20230064 0.80878565 0.47748117 0.89038286 0.29281504 0.14999367 0.61398482
#> 127 128 129 130 131 132 133
#> 0.22901364 0.64675362 0.06419209 NA 0.66277576 0.54410827 0.71659793
#> 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
#> NA 0.80255741 0.79988215 0.75977424 0.69210372 NA 0.09079429
#> 141 142 143 144 145 146 147
#> 0.25092645 0.57110768 0.19704419 0.45903320 0.68008008 0.23294255 0.65254331
#> 148 149 150 151 152 153 154
#> 0.61803876 0.19709968 0.15848705 0.74523426 0.37316715 0.67276290 0.18894043
#> 155 156 157 158 159 160 161
#> 0.81642474 0.10432180 0.68582789 0.58954824 0.52232604 0.65581895 0.56727085
#> 162 163 164 165 166 167 168
#> 0.23684003 0.34180113 0.55405967 0.10831585 0.18065940 NA NA
#> 169 170 171 172 173 174 175
#> 0.11871049 0.74905308 0.77383752 0.70770386 0.44914706 0.54166428 0.17643958
#> 176 177 178 179 180 181 182
#> 0.23331263 0.34344738 0.17046280 0.70230062 0.07304003 0.15246043 0.11534630
#> 183 184 185 186 187 188 189
#> 0.56512587 0.13518488 0.61614535 0.79451459 0.43829517 0.60656419 0.23283410
#> 190 191 192 193 194 195 196
#> 0.60274592 0.11390882 0.40374970 0.10403526 0.34223762 0.77357008 0.66611156
#> 197 198 199 200 201 202 203
#> 0.28933909 0.20113598 0.18632231 0.21070377 0.53271587 0.15441973 NA
#> 204 205 206 207 208 209 210
#> 0.50521454 0.16428559 0.56227253 0.38874517 0.31638831 0.63416193 0.50957963
#> 211 212 213 214 215 216 217
#> 0.75829404 0.26656013 0.90146489 0.09307013 0.47742144 0.58525674 0.80304044
#> 218 219 220 221 222 223 224
#> 0.10676633 0.13385955 0.88554593 0.56716130 0.67071770 0.20009381 0.91614132
#> 225 226 227 228 229 230 231
#> 0.45382217 0.59125501 0.39938022 0.72306882 0.30946625 NA 0.87028588
#> 232 233 234 235 236 237 238
#> NA 0.24158271 0.41951127 0.06438704 0.14836574 0.25419100 0.59576019
#> 239 240 241 242 243 244 245
#> 0.46261588 0.24969111 0.40207472 NA 0.79365463 0.61795146 0.68993549
#> 246 247 248 249 250 251 252
#> 0.25565132 0.46504618 0.52701568 0.28037136 0.28500140 0.60204716 0.30021180
#> 253 254 255 256 257 258 259
#> 0.37058188 0.32578201 0.70873738 0.59607558 0.33064721 0.33638608 0.74643214
#> 260 261 262 263 264 265 266
#> 0.37255079 0.82972242 0.39654734 0.32503416 NA 0.23459370 0.09722939
#> 267 268 269 270 271 272 273
#> 0.91692000 0.58866324 0.61063867 0.41723032 NA 0.41370803 0.43129530
#> 274 275 276 277 278 279 280
#> 0.12064385 0.51640377 0.87523995 0.41762629 0.75910122 0.30169925 0.45272098
#> 281 282 283 284 285 286 287
#> NA 0.65014831 0.81685306 0.23932916 0.83115493 0.88511432 0.79363282
#> 288 289 290 291 292 293 294
#> 0.43178717 0.82223069 0.39833546 0.13562237 0.63024555 0.46028071 0.35274910
#> 295 296 297 298 299 300
#> 0.85629892 0.31532329 0.57414353 NA 0.10082012 0.22538288
# Refit after trimming, then compute weights
trimmed <- ps_trim(ps, method = "adaptive")
refitted <- ps_refit(trimmed, fit)
wt_ate(refitted, .exposure = z)
#> ℹ Treating `.exposure` as binary
#> ℹ Setting focal level to 1
#> <psw{estimand = ate; trimmed}[300]>
#> [1] 1.240579 2.058164 1.179439 1.179070 2.479678 2.130709 1.546037 1.552398
#> [9] NA 2.593380 2.268587 1.386216 1.455212 1.200838 1.140328 NA
#> [17] 3.272545 1.782675 1.371331 2.292253 NA 1.163991 1.179032 NA
#> [25] 2.328539 NA 1.731055 3.842912 1.490847 1.926820 1.525053 1.893076
#> [33] 3.917615 2.914998 1.280093 1.352152 NA 1.238860 1.368835 1.547658
#> [41] 1.460487 NA 4.876301 NA 2.643752 NA 2.967353 2.499634
#> [49] 2.687495 1.164231 1.259096 NA 3.722181 1.266295 6.029169 NA
#> [57] 3.011351 1.409295 1.316469 1.161399 NA NA 1.307391 1.913671
#> [65] 1.704729 1.265160 NA 1.407989 1.832054 1.241014 1.233279 1.880192
#> [73] 2.599182 1.771319 1.698883 5.210593 4.889604 2.985370 1.353148 NA
#> [81] 1.379326 NA 1.381016 1.131873 NA NA 1.327354 1.521848
#> [89] 3.180870 2.219879 1.176614 1.159464 1.167411 1.134197 NA 1.153324
#> [97] NA 1.755289 1.257681 1.349711 3.911330 2.040050 2.989342 1.289839
#> [105] 1.251377 NA 3.455793 NA 3.277919 1.479963 5.902359 1.544890
#> [113] 1.736044 1.239690 2.526861 1.750976 1.281806 1.313320 1.855984 1.277750
#> [121] 4.594831 1.891632 7.509198 1.433882 1.199683 2.476368 1.320718 2.678015
#> [129] NA NA 1.558717 1.879621 1.444250 NA 4.467031 1.292873
#> [137] 1.362404 1.494456 NA NA 1.357789 1.796221 4.709750 1.833498
#> [145] 1.520225 1.327239 2.717307 1.666857 1.269646 1.211872 1.389090 1.603744
#> [153] 1.536293 4.889627 4.762739 1.136827 1.507810 1.743207 2.049824 2.740082
#> [161] 1.807638 1.333760 1.533168 2.179201 1.142162 1.244550 NA NA
#> [169] 7.402829 1.381999 1.337371 1.462140 2.244100 1.887538 1.238231 1.327856
#> [177] 2.863148 1.229363 3.113295 NA 1.203205 1.151622 2.228379 1.178829
#> [185] 2.488677 1.301856 1.772273 1.696843 1.327058 1.707044 1.149680 2.473178
#> [193] 1.136445 1.534110 3.959981 1.551162 1.427282 1.275928 4.950895 1.291019
#> [201] 1.917087 1.206013 NA 2.013803 1.220295 2.215480 1.641148 1.480137
#> [209] 2.596564 1.997821 1.365083 1.385341 NA NA 2.121784 1.755278
#> [217] 4.476669 1.140089 1.176986 1.160579 1.807966 1.540838 1.274301 NA
#> [225] 1.817720 1.738450 1.667666 1.431467 1.466275 NA 1.182816 NA
#> [233] 3.925953 2.388469 NA 1.197366 3.751310 2.377394 1.844505 1.355652
#> [241] 2.482541 NA 1.303304 1.667082 3.003822 3.732130 1.852048 1.936381
#> [249] 3.436024 1.419123 2.410589 1.448110 2.673096 1.499338 3.173717 1.725144
#> [257] 1.509464 2.917273 1.386860 1.602298 1.244567 1.660522 1.497792 NA
#> [265] 1.329995 NA NA 2.341051 1.686081 1.714101 NA 1.704739
#> [273] 2.328877 7.296804 2.027404 1.175543 1.715160 1.363621 1.451002 1.814421
#> [281] NA 1.587922 1.265073 1.337953 1.242313 1.161201 1.303341 1.753889
#> [289] 1.256446 2.503704 1.179438 2.572282 2.194293 1.557123 1.203649 1.477989
#> [297] 1.787285 NA 1.132171 1.314740